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.R1b1a2L265, M269, M520, S3, S10,S13, S17 7000 ybpAsia.R1b1a2aL23/S141, L49.1 6200 ybpAsia.R1b1a2a1aL51/M412/S1675300±700 ybpAsia.R1b1a2a1a1L11, P310, P311 4800 ybp(alt. 4575±580 ybp)Europe.R1b1a2a1a1aM405/S21/U1064175±430 ybpEurope.null mutation U1063325±450 ybpEurope.R1b1a2a1a1bP312/S116 4800 ybpEurope.null mutation P3123575±400 ybpEurope.R1b1a2a1a1b1 M65 1800 ybpEurope.R1b1a2a1a1b2M153 3640 ybpEurope.R1b1a2a1a1b3S28/U1524125±450 ybp(alt. R1b1c4-V88R1b1c4-V69R1b1a2R1b1a1-M741-222-47Ashk.Ind.Arm.Uzb.IraqBahr.Germ.Ashk.Sefard.SauArSud.-EuropeKaz./Uig./Uzb./Taj/Tuv.Formally, a triple branch on the right of Figure 4 (haplotypes 1 - 10) has a commonancestor who lived about 5800 ybp. It does not carry any certain historical meaning judging fromtheir composition except, the time span corresponds to that of R-L23 subclade in the Caucasus andAnatolia (Klyosov, 2010d); R-L23 was certainly not alone there.
Those assorted haplotypes could havebeen brought by their ancestors from Central Asia along with R-M269 followed by 67 marker haplotypetree of 68 haplotypes of subclades R1b1. (1 - 17), R1b1c-V88 (18 - 41), R1b1c4-V88-V69 (42 - 47),R1b1a2 (48 - 68). The tree was composed from data of the FTDNA Project. R1b1c4-V841-2224-394041Ashk.Ind.Arm.Uzb.IraqBahr.Germ.Ashk.Sefard.SauArSud.The base haplotype of the V88 branch in Figure 4is as follows:13 24 16 10 13 14 12 12 12 14 13 29 - 16/17 9 10 11 12 26 14 19 29 12 12 15 15 - 11 12 21 19 33 35/36 12 11 - 12 8 15 16 8 10 10 8 9 11 12 22 23 15 11 12 12 15 8 12/13 23 20 13 12 12 12 ( V88)and its bearer lived 6575±700 ybp.A rather extended series of 72 of 11 marker V88 haplotypes from Africa wasprovided in (Cruciani et al., 2010).
They split into two rather distinct branches and an assortedseries of haplotypes (Klyosov, 2010b). One branch of 37 haplotypes has the following base haplotype(in the format — 413a,b 460, 461, GATA A10, YCAIIa,bafter the first standard 12 markers, some of them are missing):13 X 15 11 X X X X 12 X X X - 23 21 11 10 13 21 23All of them contain 111 mutations, which gives 111/37/.02 = 150 → 176 conditionalgenerations, or 4400±610 years to their common ancestor. This African V88 base haplotype does notfit with either of the Eurasian V88 base haplotypes, however, it fits rather well to the R1b1c4-V69base haplotype (see the next section), whose common ancestor lived 4300±600 ybp.
The paper (Crucianiet al, 2010) suggested one more subclade named R1b1a4, with 29 haplotypes. Their base haplotype isidentical with that shown above; all 29 haplotypes contain 76 mutations, and gives 76/29/.02 = 131 →150 generations, or 3750±570 ybp, which is within the margin of error with the above date.91Another branch of V88 African haplotypes is recent with a common ancestor of750±290 ybp. All 72 African haplotypes have the same base haplotype as shown above with 201mutations from it, which gives 201/72/.020 = 140 → 163 generations, or 4075±500 ybp, within themargin of error of that for the main V88 branch; however, the first is more accurate since it wascalculated for the distinct branch.This date, 4300±600 ybp, fits well with that for the migration route of R1bbearers from the Middle East westward along the Mediterranean Sea coast to the Atlantic, which tookplace between 5500 and 4800 ybp (see below). 1600 Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia divided Armenia, with the northwestern Armeniaannexed by the Ottoman Empire; that appear to be reflected in the young M269 mini-branch of fivehaplotypes.The balance of 115 haplotypes of L23 subclade, have 784 mutations from their base haplotype12 24 14 11 11 14 X X 13 13 13 29 - 17 15 19 12 15 12 23(the right-hand side of the haplotype corresponds to DYS 458, 437, 448, GATA H4, DYS 456, 438, 635).94 Figure 8. The 67-marker tree composed with 107 haplotypes of the subclade R-L2340% of the haplotypes belong to Armenians and Turks, followed by Iraqis and Italians (5% each).The haplotypes were collected in the FTDNA ProjectIt gives 784/115/.034 = 201 → 250 conditional generations, or 6250±660 years from the commonancestor. This again is a typical timespan to a common ancestor of R-L23 subclade, and is in anagreement with the “age” of its upstream R-M269 subclade of 7000 ybp.The same base haplotype, as shown in the preceding paragraph, was found in adataset of 238 Armenian six-marker R1b haplotypes published earlier (Weale et al., 2001) andanalyzed in (Klyosov, 2008a).
It included haplotypes from six regions of Armenia, Karabakh, Iran,and other areas of the Armenian diaspora. It can be presented as12 24 14 11 X X X 12 X X 13 X.An average “age” of the common ancestor of R1b haplotypes in all the six regionswas 5750±1500 years, which is in line with other estimates for the R-L23 subclade. There is no known mass movement of Assyrians from Europe 1000 years ago, or but there was amajor movement of people 1000 years ago, connected with the Turkic takeover of the Near East, andstarting with Mesopotamia, and that could be a reasonable source of the relatively recentevent.Figure 9. The 17-marker tree composed with 120 haplotypes of the R-L23 haplogroup, exceptfive haplotypes of the M269 subclade (numbers 1 - 5)The tree is composed based on data in (Herrera et al., 2011)The R-L23 subclade is clearly traced from the East European Plain south via theCaucasus, where it prevails among R1b haplotypes, and via Anatolia, where it is very pronounced;down to South Mesopotamia, where Sumers had lived between 6000 and 4500 ybp (Kramer, 1971). Sincetimespans to common ancestors of those R-L23 haplotypes are around 6,000 - 5,000 ybp, it is quitelikely that those common ancestors lived among the Sumers and their ancestors (in the Caucasus andAnatolia). It might be an additional feature for linguists, some of whom consider Sumerian as aremnant of a subgroup of the Dene-Caucasian language superfamily (e.g., Bengtson, 1997).
Their movement could not be limited to the “further westward”, it is our self-centered attentionthat locks our focus in that particular fashion. It appears that once explored, the whole knownterrain becomes permanently logged in the collective memory, and the shape of migrations is rather asequence of boomerang flights than a flight of an arrow, as exemplified by the independent returnsof the Ases and Kayis back to the Caucasus. With varying demographic scales and temporalseparations, not all of the see-saw waves are detectable. Exceptional, on the today's scale,demographic paucity of the migratory groups had to cause an interference effect, with high crestsand low troughs; the literary sources reflected the crests, while demographical genetics tends tosee the troughs, genetical “noise” of the transitory migrations.A dataset of R1b1a2 haplotypes on the Balkans was published in (Barac et al.,2003a, 2003b; Pericic et al., 2005, and private communications with M. It contains aseries of obviously R-L23 haplotypes with a base12 24 14 11 11 15 X X X 13 13 29,and a common ancestor of 4050±890 ybp (Klyosov, 2010c).
Another series of the Balkan R1b1a2 has thebase13 24 14 11 11 11 X X X 14 13 29,with a common ancestor of 4975±1300 ybp (ibid). Four mutations between them (including multi-copymutations counted differently) place their common ancestor at 7000 ybp to the time of ancientR-M269 haplotypes of the East European Plain’s (or further on to the east).
Migrations westward fromthe Pontic steppes are also supported by multiple archaeological evidence, which include thosedating to the 3rd millennium BC (e.g., Mallory, 1989).The haplotype tree shown in Figure 8 provides some clues regarding possible directions ofthose ancient migrations. 40% of all 107 haplotypes of the tree belong to the Armenians and Turks;of those, 70% are haplotypes on the right-hand (larger) part of the tree. The upper left branch inthe tree contains haplotypes from Russia, Lithuania, Poland, Croatia and Ireland.96They all have the same pattern of mutations, with the base haplotype12 24 14 11 11 14 12 29 - 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 31 14 15 16 18 ( L23, mainly Eastern Europe)which differs from the base haplotype of the left-hand side 38-haplotype branch by three mutations(marked; some alleles are fractional).
This places their common ancestor with the entire branch at4600 ybp. This indicates that the above largely East-European branch split from the sizeable branchat the East European Plain in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, and apparently migrated westward.That is one migration route (out of several described) which explains how R-L23 haplotypes appearedin Europe during those times.Another migration route took place from the East European Plain southward, asindicated by another quite distinct branch on the opposite side (at 5 o’clock) of the haplotypetree. The branch includes haplotypes from Russia, Lithuania, Armenia (two haplotypes), Turkey (threehaplotypes), Syria.
The base haplotype is as follows:12 24 14 11 11 14 12 30 - 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 ( L23, mainly South)There are five full mutations between these two base haplotypes of the branches,both which includes Russian and Lithuanian haplotypes, albeit with a principally different history.One group of L23 bearers went west to Europe; another went south to the Caucasus and the MiddleEast. They are separated by 5/.046 = 109 → 122 generations, or by 3050 “lateral” years (this time isrequired on average to make five mutations in the 25 marker haplotype). In other words, these twobranches show a fork in migration routes of R-L23 from the East European Plain, westward andsouthward.One additional branch of R-L23 includes haplotypes from Armenia, Lebanon,Bulgaria, Italy, France, Spain, Germany. It is located at 7 o’clock on the haplotype tree inFigure 8. Their base haplotype12 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 - 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 16 16 18( L23, South and South-West)differs from the preceding discussed branch by only 2.6 mutations or by 1550 “lateral” years.
Thispoints to R-L23 movement from the Middle East westward to Europe. Its neighboring branch, includinghaplotypes from Turkey (three haplotypes), Greece and Albania evidences nearly the same basehaplotype as the above, with only one mutation 12 → 13 in the first allele (DYS393) and 18 → 17(17.3 on average) in the last allele. It is essentially the same migration route from Asia Minor toEurope. In fact, the entire right-hand large branch in Figure 8 consists of sub-branches withpredominantly Armenian and Turkish (some Iraqi and Iranian) R-L23 haplotypes with singularinclusions of haplotypes from Greece, Germany, Netherlands, England, Scotland. This reflectsmigration routes of the Arbins from Asia Minor and the Middle East to Europe mainly between 4500 and3500 bp.It may be expected that some migrations from the Middle East to Europe areassociated with this mutation of DYS393 12 → 13 in the subclade R-L23.
However, other, latermigrations, could have occurred from the European continent eastward, and belong to more recentsubclades, such as L51, L11, P312, U106, L21, U152, etc. (Klyosov, 2011b). Indeed, most Sardinianhaplotypes have DYS393=13, such as the following base haplotypes on Sardinia (calculated from dataprovided in Contu et al., 2008):13 24 14 11 11 14 X X X 13 X 2913 24 14 10 11 14 X X X 13 X 2913 24 14 10 11 15 X X X 13 X 29The first one was presented on the tree by a series of identical haplotypes whichare obviously derived from the very recent common ancestor (Klyosov, 2008a, 2010c). They areindistinguishable from common European R1b1a2- M269 subclades, such as R-P312, R-L21, R-U152, R-L2,R-L20, etc. The second one has a timespan to its common ancestor of 3550±790 ybp, the thirddescended from a common ancestor who lived 2900±620 ybp. A common ancestor of all of them lived5025±630 ybp, which fits the time and direction of ancient migration of the Arbins from the MiddleEast to Europe (however, DYS393 = 13 would be unusual for them), and from Iberia up north to thecontinent, and subsequently populating Europe in all possible directions.One of the most common R1b base haplotypes in Sicily is as follows (Di Gaetano etal., 2009):13 24 14 11 11 14 X X 12 13 13 29,which is identical to one of the Sardinian base R1b haplotypes above, and indistinguishable fromcommon R1b subclades in Europe.
The timespan to a common ancestor for that haplotype in Sicilycalculated from the cited study is 4550±1020 years. The same base haplotype is the most common inItaly (Capelli et al., 2007), with a timespan to the common ancestor of 4125±500 years calculated bythe linear method, and 4300±1160 years calculated by the logarithmic method (Klyosov, 2008a).There is one more, but very important migration route of the Arbins which doesnot practically include R-L23 haplotypes (only 5% of DYS393 = 12 among Iberian R1b haplotypes, itcorresponds to a random mutation from the parent DYS393 = 13). It is a route from the Middle Eastwestward along North African Mediterranean seacoast. R-L23 was either not represented or did notsurvive along this route.
It seems that bearers of R-V88 were part of the journey, however, theysplit and went southward and settled in Central Africa (mainly Cameroon and Chad), mentionedpreviously. The migration of the Arbins from the Middle East to the Atlantic, then across the Straitof Gibraltar to the Pyrenees took place from 5500 - 5200 ybp to 4800 ybp when the Arbins landed inIberia (see supportive references to archaeological data below). Part of the way from Egypt toIberia could have been made by sea, details are not known as yet.
There are some historical reportsof arrival of the Egyptian military fleet to Iberia some 5000 ybp; there are some allegedly Egyptianmummies and fragments of Egyptian tombs exhibited in the Royal Academy of History in Madrid and inthe Tarragona City Museum. Their status, however, is rather vague. It seems, nevertheless, thatbearers of R1b subclades, mainly R-M269, and newly formed L51 and L11 (see below) had arrived inIberia and this was the beginning of the archaeological Bell Beaker culture.Previous to discussing the Bell Beakers and history of the Arbins in Europe, itis worth to mention one more rather vague evidence of the R1b journey via the ancient Egypt between5500 and 5200 ybp. It concerns the alleged R1b haplotype of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.97Alleged Pharaoh Tutankhamun R1b1a1-M269.
Haplotype and Its Possible HistoryRecently the Swiss company iGENEA has published the alleged 16 marker haplotype of the Pharaoh:13 24 14 11 11 14 X X 10 13 13 30 - 16 14 19 10 15 12.Here the first 12 markers are shown in the FTDNA format, and the rest are DYS458, 437, 448, GATA H4, DYS 456, 438. It is obviously not a typical European R1b1a2 haplotype, sinceit has DYS439 = 10, and not a common European 12. There are only about 0.5% R1b haplotypes in Europewith DYS439 = 10. The most likely and the most closely related base haplotype is that ofR1b1a2-M269, shown in Figure 5, in which the same markers as those available in the Pharaohhaplotype are noted in bold:12 25 14 11 11 14 11 12 12 13 13 29 - 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 16 17 - 1011 19 23 15 15 19 17 35 38 12 12 - 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 11 10 12 23 23 16 8 13 22 20 13 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 ( M269)There are 6.8 mutations between the two 16 marker haplotypes (some alleles inM269 haplotype are fractional), which translates to 6.8/.0315 = 216 → 274 conditional generations,or 6850 years between them. The legend to Figure 10 describes those Central Asian/Siberian populations. There are manyNeolithic, Chalcolithic and Eneolithic archaeological cultures in the area, such as Tersek, Ural,Surtandi, Mahandzhar, Iman-Burluk, Botai, Atbasar, Kelteminar, and other archaeological CentralAsian cultures in present-day Russia (e.g, Zakharov, 2010), which might be assigned to the Arbins;however, it would be premature to assign any of them to R1b or to any other haplogroup. Such a taskis quite new for archaeologists.
It is tempting to point at Seroglazovo, Khvalyn, Samara,Middle-Volga and adjacent archaeological cultures of 12,000 - 5000 ybp of the European east as themost likely R1b cultures. We cannot, however do it for the same reason of prematurity, and it wouldbe irresponsible to suggest such at this time. The same may be said for Timber Grave, Catacomb andneighboring archaeological cultures of Central and South Russia, which apparently were shared byboth R1b and R1a bearers, albeit at different time periods. The R1b people before 5000 ybp, and R1apeople after 4500 ybp have confused archaeologists who have observed “different roots” of thosecultures, spreading in different directions and at different times.
Here we encounter an interesting thesis, that the people who separated 10,000 years before,could reunite in a single archeological culture like they parted within a life of one generation. Inpurely generational terms, 10,000 years constitutes 400 generations for either prong of the fork.That's 400 generations separated uncounted, and differing, technological innovations,genetical and linguistic admixtures, social developments, religious developments, etiologicaldevelopments, ethnological developments, and who knows what else. And then the refugees from theEuropean genocide and the nomadic old timers from the Asia, with whatever genetical markers in theirY-DNA chromosome, encounter each other on the fringes of the Eastern Europe, and for 500 yearsbecome indistinguishable from each other. A single culture, single technology.
Single society,single art, ceramics, religion, etiology, ethnology, and everything else. Like there was no BabylonTower that separated people into warring fractions, like a return of the Edem to the Earth.
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And 500years later, comes another miracle, a magic separation of indistinguishable single people into twocontrasting and opposing multitudes, one clearly a continuation of the previous single nomadicanimal husbandry archeological civilization, and the other purely agricultural, with a language of incompatible family, and clearly unrelated to the previous single nomadicanimal husbandry archeological civilization.Genetically-wise, it is premature to tell who is who,such a task is quite new for archaeologists. Otherwise, and including biologically, it is perfectlyclear who is who, and no amount of modern mislabeling can change the past situation in or on theground.The map shows that the current bearers of R1b spread over Central Russia up toArkhangelsk on the White Sea. Very likely it was a relatively recent relocation, although it remainsto be determined. Currently there are only about 5% of the R1b bearers in the European part ofRussia.As was described above in this study, the Arbins went South through the Caucasusto the Mesopotamia and Middle East around 6000 - 5000 ybp; they established the Sumer civilization;went westward via Egypt to the Atlantic, and across the Gibraltar Strait to the Pyrenees. On theirway, some R1b-V88 bearers split; they went deep into Africa, and currently populate Cameroon andChad in appreciable amounts (see legend to Figure 10 and description and references above).By 4800 ybp the Arbins have reached Iberia to become the first Bell Beakers. R1bM343R1b1L278, M415, P251, P252, P253R1b1aP297, L320R1b1a1M73, M478R1b1a2L265, M269, M520, S3, S10R1b1a2aL23/S141, L49.1R1b1a2a1aL51/M412/S167R1b1a2a1a1L11, P310S129, P311R1b1a2a1a1aU106/S21R1b1a2a1a1bP312/S116R1b1a2a1a1b3U152/S28R1b1a2a1a1b4L21/M529R1b1a2a1a1b4bM222R1b1a2a1a1b4g1L226R1b1a2a1a1b4h1P314The above diagram shows that the immediate downstream subclades of the R-L23 wereL51 and then L11 (ISOGG-2012, in an abbreviated form).
The dynamics of these subclades is much moreunderstood via Iberia into the continent, where the migration of the Arbins is being identified withthe Bell Beakers.The question is — where those L51 and L11 subclades could have arisen? If theyare 6000-5000 years “old”, they could have split in Asia Minor, the Middle East or on the EastEuropean Plain, and enter Europe from there.
The “intra-clade” haplotypes, that is only L51 or onlyL11 subclade, might reflect population bottlenecks, hence, they look “younger” than their actual age(in terms of mutations and respective TMRCA). However, their “inter-clade” comparison could reveallost (due to bottlenecks) timespans to more ancient common ancestors. To analyze those subclades, acombined L51-L11 haplotype tree is shown in Figure 11.99 Figure 11. The 67-marker tree with 42 haplotypes of the R-L51 subclade (15 haplotypes on theright, numbers between 1 and 23) and R-L11 (27 haplotypes on the left, numbers between 26 and 61).Haplotypes are listed in the FTDNA public ProjectOne-third of haplotypes on the tree belong to the L51 subclade, and they occupy the right side.Another two-thirds are L11 haplotypes, which are on the left and make some “insert” branches on theright. The 67 marker haplotypes of L51 and L11 subclades are very similar, therefore the tree couldnot distinguish them in a number of cases; hence, the mix of the branches. The tree also shows thatthe “age” of the two subclades is also very similar, since the “height” (which generally indicatesthe “age”) of the branches around the tree is about the same. The base haplotype of R-L51 subcladeis as follows13 24 14 11 11 14 13 12 12 13 13 29 - 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 18- 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 38 12 12 - 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 12 12 12 16 8 12 22 20 14 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 ( L51)It deviates from the base R-L23 haplotype (5400±800 ybp) by 9 mutations (12mutations are marked above, but many of them are fractional), that is by 9/.12 = 75 → 81generations, or 2025 years of the “lateral” distance.
All 15 haplotypes contain 280 mutations fromthe base haplotype, which gives 280/15/.12 = 156 → 184 generations, or 4600±535 years from theircommon ancestor, L51. In turn, it gives (2025 + 5400 + 4600)/2 = 6000 years, which is an “age” of acommon ancestor of both L23 and L51 subclades. Obviously, it is the common ancestor of L23 subcladehimself.In other words, the “age” of the L51 subclade as 4600±535 years is obtained frommutations on the L51 branch on the tree ( Figure 11) and confirmed 1) by a mutational distancefrom the base haplotype of the parent L23 subclade, 2) by the “age” of the L23 subclade, determinedearlier, and 3) by the general phylogeny of the R1b subclade. The “age” of the L51 subclade fitswell with the arrival time of the Arbins to Iberia (4800 ybp), to the distribution pattern of thecurrent bearers of L51 in Europe (the highest frequency is in the Pyrenees and immediately up northin France and on the Isles, see Myres et al, 2010. It is practically absent in EuropeanSouth-East, East, and North-East (ibid.).Analysis of the L11 subclade is more complicated since its haplotypes are spreadaround the tree by at least four branches, each with its common ancestor.
They differ from eachother by 32 mutations which gives 32/4/.12 = 67 → 72 generations, or 1800 years below their average“age” 2500 years. Therefore the “age” of the R-L11 subclade is 4300 years, which is indeedconsistent with 4600±535 years for the L51 subclade. The base haplotype for the L11 subclade is asfollows:13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 - 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 17 -11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 38 12 12 - 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 1222 2013 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 ( L11)Five deviations between them (marked in bold) present in fact 3.7 mutations(since most of them are fractional), which gives 3.7/.12 = 31 → 32 generations; that is only 800“lateral” years between them. This confirms that L51 and L11 subclades are very close to each otherin time.
Their common ancestor (which presumably should be L51) lived (800 + 4600 + 4300)/2 = 4850ybp. It seems that L11 split off only 250 years later. All of them are likely to have establishedthe Bell Beaker archaeological culture. The oldest artifacts of the Bell Beakers were found inPortugal, dated 4800 - 4600 ybp (Cardoso & Soares, 1990; Martinez et al., 1996; Cardoso, 2001;Muller & Willigen, 2001; Nocete, 2006).100Main R1b1a2 Subclades on the European Continent: Population of Europe after4800 ybp, Main Subclades on the Isles and Their Likely OriginThe phylogeny of R1b (see the diagram above) shows that the furtherdownstream subclades of R-L11 are P312 and U106.
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